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pH and buffers

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The pH is power of hydrogen ions. The pH scale, ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic or alkaline). A pH of 7.0, in the middle of this scale, is neutral. Blood is normally slightly basic, with a normal pH range of about 7.35 to 7.45. Usually the body maintains the pH of blood close to 7.40.   Blood acidity increases when the # Level of acidic compounds in the body rises (through increased intake or production, or decreased elimination) # Level of basic (alkaline) compounds in the body falls (through decreased intake or production, or increased elimination). Blood alkalinity increases when the level of acid in the body decreases or when the level of base increases. The body has developed 3 lines of defense to regulate the body's acid-base balance and maintain blood pH. These are (1) Blood buffer system -- acts within seconds, (2) Respiratory mechanism or system -- acts within 1 to 3 minutes, (3) Renal mechanism system -- requires hours to days. Blood buffers : A buf

smile together

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Thoughts  (1) Life is just path, if you try to stand longer. Then you find life is harsh. But, if you enjoy it. You will find that life is the most beautiful gift that we get from God. (2) Always say thanks for those, who count your faults, failures and talk about your bad times. Because of them, you get success. (3) Life is a unique but common gift,  That everyone get from lord. We need to cherish it and live a long and prosperous life. (4) What we see around us, is not something that we get from Lord. It's man-made world with rich and poor, peach and plainness, wise and wicked. (5) Supreme Lord gifted us with Nature and it's millions of small and big, fierce and timid, colorless and colorful, common and unique featured lives.

SGOT, SGPT, LDH & GGT

Alanine transaminase (ALT/SGPT) : SGPT is elevated in acute hepatitis of viral or toxic origin, jaundice and cirrhosis of liver (normal 3-40 IU/L). Aspartate transaminase (AST/SGOT) : SGOT activity in serum is increased in myocardial infarction and also in liver diseases (normal 4-45 IU/L). SGPT is more specific for the diagnosis of liver diseases while SGOT is for heart diseases. This is mainly because of their cellular distribution - SGPT is a cytosomal enzyme while SGOT is found in cytosol and mitochondria. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): LDH is useful for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, infective hepatitis, leukemia and muscular dystrophy (serum LDH normal 50-200 IU/L). LDH has five isoenzyme. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) : lt is a sensitive diagnostic marker for the detection of alcoholism. GGT is also increased in infective hepatitis and obstructive jaundice.

KNIVES and BLADES

Today my topic is knives and blades. I think it is the most common instruments that used by all of us in our daily life. Before going to discuss this topic, I know what you think these two instruments are the most common and everyone known about how to use them. But this topic contain a broad range of blades and knives that used in in kitchen, medical field, crafting and painting, and specially I mention some name that used as a weapon in human history for war. SURGICAL BLADES Surgical blades, or scalpels, are used for cutting skin and tissue during surgical procedures. There are different types of blades specific to the type of procedure. Surgical blades vary by size and shape. The number of the blade indicates the blade size and shape. Surgical blades are typically made with stainless steel or carbon steel. Surgical blades come in a variety of forms giving surgeons and medical staff the right blade for the procedure. Surgical blades are typically sold separate from the blade handle.

ZIKA virus

Z ika virus is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Most people infected with the Zika virus have no signs and symptoms, while others report mild fever, rash and muscle pain. Other signs and symptoms may include headache, red eyes (conjunctivitis) and a general feeling of discomfort. Zika virus is also called Zika or Zika virus disease. Zika virus infections during pregnancy have been linked to miscarriage and can cause microcephaly, a potentially fatal congenital brain condition. The Zika virus also may cause other neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Signs and symptoms of the Zika virus most commonly include: Mild fever Rash Joint or muscle pain Other signs and symptoms may include: Headache Red eyes (conjunctivitis) Complications Zika virus infections during pregnancy have been linked to miscarriage and microcephaly, a potentially fatal congenital brain condition. The Zika virus may also cause cong

CORONAVIRUS

  C oronaviruses form the subfamily  Orthocoronavirinae.  They are divided into the four genera :  Alphacoronavirus ,  Betacoronavirus ,  Gammacoronavirus  and  Deltacoronavirus . Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds. COVID 19 Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). In 2019, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak that originated in China. The virus is now known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the  COVID-19  outbreak a pandemic. Public health groups, including the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and  WHO , are monitoring the pandemic and posting updates

EBOLA Virus

T he Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated.  The virus family Filoviridae includes three genera :  Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus. Within the genus Ebolavirus, six species have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Taï Forest, Reston and Bombali.   NEWS The virus causing the current outbreak in DRC and the 2014–2016 West African outbreak belongs to the Zaire ebolavirus species. Then,  2018-2019 outbreak in eastern DRC is highly complex, with insecurity adversely affecting public health response activities. EVD first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, DRC. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River , from which the disease takes its name. Transmission It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or othe